While the author's bias clearly argues in favor of the Caliphate C.R. Haines Christianity and Islam in Spain 756-1031 (1889) provides a historical perspective on the consequences of previous attempts at integrating Christian and Muslim societies. al-Andalus (Arabic: الأنْدَلُس‎, trans. al-ʼAndalus; Spanish: al-Ándalus; Portuguese: al-Ândalus; Catalan: al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain that in its early period occupied most of Iberia, today's Portugal and Spain. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied the northwest of the Iberian peninsula and a part of present day southern France Septimania (8th century) and for nearly a century (9th–10th centuries) extended its control from Fraxinet over the Alpine passes which connect Italy with the remainder of Western Europe.[1][2][3] The name more generally describes the parts of the peninsula governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors) at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed,[4][5][6] eventually shrinking to the south around modern-day Andalusia and then to the Emirate of Granada. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus